Danzig, Arnold B
Publications & Presentations
Doctoral Dissertation
Title: Basil Bernstein: An Investigation of Theories and the Contradictory Ways
They Are Interpreted. 1980. Dissertation Director: Dr. Daniel Huden.
Published Books/Volumes
Hollingworth, L. & Danzig, A. (Eds). (2014). Research in Learning and Teaching in
Educational Leadership. A Volume in UCEA Leadership. Charlotte, NC: Information
Age Publishing.
Borman, K., Danzig, A., & Garcia, D. (Eds.). (2012). Review of Research in Education
Education, Democracy, and the Public Good. Volume 36. Washington, DC: American Educational
Research Association & Sage Publications.
Martin, G. E., Danzig, A. B., Wright, W. F., & Flanary, R. and Brown, F. (2012).
School Leader Internship: Developing, Monitoring and Evaluating Your Leadership Experience
(3rd Edition). Larchmont, NY: Eye on Education.
Danzig, A.B., Borman, K., Jones, B., and Wright, W. (Eds.), (2007). Learner Centered
Leadership: Research, Policy, and Practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Martin, G. E., Wright, W. F., & Danzig, A. B., Flanary, R. and Brown, F. (2005).
School Leader Internship: Developing, Monitoring and Evaluating Your Leadership Experience
(2nd Edition). Larchmont, NY: Eye on Education.
Martin, G. E., Wright, W. F., & Danzig, A. B. (2003). School Leader Internship: Developing,
Monitoring and Evaluating Your Leadership Experience. Larchmont, NY: Eye on Education.
Chapters in Books
Danzig, A. (2014). Learning and Teaching in Educational Leadership. In L. Hollingworth
& A. Danzig (Eds.) Research in Learning and Teaching in Educational Leadership (pp.
1-16). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
Danzig, A. (2012). Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell, Don’t Pay: Services for Children with
Severe and Chronic Disabilities. The Politics of Special Education: Problems, Promises,
and Progress. Roman and Littlefield.
Danzig, A. (2009). Learner-Centered Leadership: A New Perspective for the Preparation
and Professional Development of School Leaders. In Transformative Leadership and
Educational Excellence: Learning Organizations in the Information Age edited by M.
Khiner and I. Saleh. Rotterdam, Netherlands: Sense Publishers.
Danzig, A., Chen, R., And Spencer, D. (2007). Learner-Centered Leadership: Learning
Through Mentoring, Coaching, and Professional Development Activities. In S. Donahoo
& R. Hunter (eds.) Teaching Leaders To Lead Teachers: Educational Administration
In The Era Of Constant Crisis. Advances in Educational Administration, Volume 10,
(pp. 23–41). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier ltd.
Danzig, A., Borman, K., Jones, B., and Wright, F. (2007). Learner-Centered Leadership:
New Directions for School Leadership in a National Perspective. In A. Danzig, K.
Borman, B. Jones, & W. Wright (eds.) Learner-Centered Leadership: Research, Policy,
and Practice (pp. 3-20). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Danzig, A., Blankson, G., and Kiltz, G. (2007). A Learner-Centered Approach to Leadership
Preparation and Professional Development. In A. Danzig, K. Borman, B. Jones, & W.
Wright (eds.) Learner-Centered Leadership: Research, Policy, and Practice (pp. 51-72).
Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Danzig, A., and Wright, F. (2007). Using Story and Narrative to Enhance the Professional
Development of Learner-Centered Leaders. In A. Danzig, K. Borman, B. Jones, & W.
Wright (eds.) Learner-Centered Leadership: Research, Policy, and Practice (pp. 251-274).
Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Danzig, A., and Martin, G. (2006). Principals. In Encyclopedia of the American High
School edited by K. Borman, S. Cahill, and B. Cotner. Wesport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Danzig, A., Kiltz, G., Osanloo, A., Szecsy, E., , Wiley, T., Boyle, C., Gonzalez,
J., and Hunnicutt, K, (2004). Creating an Environment for Learner Centered Leadership
in Schools: First –Year Rationales, Experiences, and Findings from the Learner Centered
Leadership Grant Project. In Educational Leadership: Knowing the Way, Going the Way,
Showing the Way 2004 NCPEA Yearbook, edited by C. Carr and C. Fulmer. Lanham, MD:
Scarecrow Education.
Danzig, A., and Porter, C. (1998). Can leadership be taught? What is learned from
writing and analyzing the stories of education leaders. 1998 Yearbook of the National
Council of Professors of School Administration. Technomics Press.
Danzig, A., Cobb, B., Davies, T., Mantle-Bromley, C., and Miser, M. (1998). Politics
of accountability within a school-to-career initiative: Implementation, representation,
and evaluation. In R.J.S. MacPherson (ed.) The Politics of Accountability, 1998 Yearbook
of the Politics of Education Association. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press
Danzig, A. (1995). Applications and distortions of Basil Bernstein's code theory.
In A. R. Sadovnik (Ed.), Knowledge and pedagogy: The sociology of Basil Bernstein
(pp. 165-189). Englewood, NJ: Ablex Press.
Danzig, A., & Mungazi, D. (1990). Education in Arizona: Selected comparisons with
other states, the nation, and foreign countries. In E. Bernal (Ed.), S.O.S. — SAVE
OUR SCHOOLS...SAVE OUR STATE, (pp. 55-99). Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Academy.
Danzig, A. (1989). Censorship in the public schools. (1989). In F. Schultz (Ed.),
ANNUAL EDITIONS IN EDUCATION 1988/1989, (pp. 158-173). Guilford, CN: Dushkin Publishing
Journal Articles
Borman, K., Danzig, A., and Garcia, D. (2012). Education, Democracy, and the Public
Good: Introduction. Review of Research in Education, Volume 36, pp. vii-xxi.
Lewis, W. D., & Danzig, A. (2010). Seeing color in school choice. Journal of School
Public Relations, 31(1), 205-223.
Danzig, A. & Jing, W. (2007). From Tourist to Learner: International Travel and
Cultural Encounters as a Lens for Teaching and Administration. International Studies
in Educational Administration, 35(1), 78-92.
Burdick, D. and Danzig, A. (2006). Teacher ratings of principal applicants: The
significance of gender and leadership style. Journal of Women in Educational Leadership
4, (2), 21-41.
Danzig, A., Zhang, J., and You, B. (2005). Learning to be an Education Leader: How
a Web-Based Course Meets of the Challenges of Leadership Training and Development.
Scholar-Practitioner Quarterly 3 (1), 25-38.
Kiltz, G., Danzig, A., & Szecsy, E. (2004). Learner Centered Leadership: An Emerging
Mentoring Model for The Professional Development Of School Administrators Mentoring
& Tutoring volume 12, (2), 135-153.
Danzig, A. (2003). Schooling as an embedded institution: Challenges to parent-school-community
connections. Journal of School Public Relations 24 (2), 124-141.
Danzig, A. (2001). Teaching educational leadership via web courses: Some old problems,
some new possibilities. Journal Of Research For Education Leaders. 1(1), 19-48. Electronic
Journal. Published by the Institute For School Leaders, College Of Education, University
of Iowa. Available online at: http://www.uiowa.edu/~jrel/fall01/contents.html
Danzig, A. (1999). How might leadership be taught? The use of story and narrative
to teach leadership. International Journal of Leadership in Education: Theory and
Practice, 2(2), 117-131.
Danzig, A. (1999). The use of stories in the preparation of educational leaders.
International Studies in Educational Administration 27(1), 11-19.
Danzig, A., Cobb, B., Davies, T., Mantle-Bromley, C., and Miser, M. (1998). Politics
of accountability within a school-to-career initiative: Implementation, representation,
and evaluation. Educational Policy, 12(1-2), 67-84.
Danzig, A. (1997). Leadership stories: What novices learn by crafting the stories
of experienced administrators. Journal of Educational Administration, 35(2), 122-137.
(Honorable mention as best article in Volume 35)
Danzig, A. (1997). Building leadership capacity through narrative. Educational
Leadership
and Administration, 9, 49-59.
Danzig, A. (1996). Rural dilemmas in school-to-work transition, The Rural Educator,
17(3), 26-34.
Danzig, A., & Vandegrift, J. (1995). School-to-Work Transition in Arizona: Does public
policy ignore social equality for rural populations. International Journal of Educational
Reform, 4(2), 84-95. (Nominated for best article appearing in Volume 4, 1995)
Danzig, A. (1994). Parents versus professionals: Social class and services to children
and families. People and Education: The Human Side of Schools, 2(3), 296-319.
Danzig, A., & Vandegrift, J. (1994). School-to-work transition in Arizona: A curriculum
issue for the 1990s. SCOPE, 93(3), 45-54.
Danzig, A. (1993). Applications and distortions of Basil Bernstein's code theory.
Social Science Perspectives Journal, 8(1), 72-95.
Danzig, A. (1992). Basil Bernstein's sociology of language applied to education:
Deficits, differences, and bewitchment. Journal of Education Policy, 7(3), 285-300.
Danzig, A. (1990). Protecting the right to know: censorship and the public schools.
Baylor Educator, 13(1), 35-43.
Danzig, A., & Karol, K. (1988). Building commitment to teaching. Teaching Education,
2(1), 30-34.
Danzig, A. (1986). Slamming the Door on Minority Opportunities in Education. Urban
Educator, 8(1), 59-67.
Danzig, A. (1985). The British sociology of education: Some implications for the
education of minorities in the U.S. CORE: An International Journal of Educational
Research 93, 1-33.
Danzig, A. (1984). Testing blitz on minority teachers: Intentional or unintentional?
Arizona Teacher Education Journal, 1(1), 15-17.
Journal Articles (Juried, Editorial Board, and Edited Conference Proceedings)
Danzig, A. (2012). Education for Civic Engagement. Chapter 10 in the 100th Arizona
Town Hall Report, Civic Engagement, pp. 109-114. Phoenix, AZ Arizona Town Hall Publications.
Danzig, A. (2010 October 27) How Qualitative Research Works: An Essay Review. Education
Review, 13(14). Retrieved October 27, 2010 from http://www.edrev.info/essays/v13n14.pdf
Danzig, A. (2009, Spring). Learner-Centered Leadership versus Learning-Centered Leadership:
Small Differences in Words, Large Differences in Meaning. Featured article in Learning
& Teaching in Educational Leadership Newsletter, 17 (1), Division A, American Educational
Research Association, 1-2, 7-8, 14.
Danzig, A. (2007). How Aspiring Schools Leaders Draw from Cultural and Family Stories
in the Navajo School Administrators Preparation Program: The Relevance of Personal
Knowledge to Learner-Centered Leadership. In Fostering Compassion and Understanding
Across Borders: An International Dialogue on the Future of Educational Leadership.
Conferenence Proceedings for Convention 2007. David C. Thompson and Faith E. Crampton,
Editors. Available online at: http://coe.ksu.edu/ucea/2007/DanzigUCEA2007.pdf
Appleton, N., Danzig, A., Begaye, T., & Hinrichson, J. (2006). Leadership and Culture:
Applications Of Learner-Centered Leadership To Native Contexts In The Navajo School
Administrators Preparation Program. In Exploring Contested Intersection of Democracy,
Social Justice, and Globalization. UCEA Conferenence Proceedings for Convention 2006.
David C. Thompson and Faith E. Crampton, Editors. Available online at: http://coe.ksu.edu/ucea/2006/AppletonUCEA2006.pdf
Danzig, A. (2005). Bridging Theory and Praxis through Professional Development for
School Administrators: A University and School District Collaboration Built on Learner
Centered Leadership. Second Annual Conference Proceedings for UCEAConvention 2005,
“Democracy in Educational Leadership: The Unfinished Journey Toward Justice.” Edited
by David C. Thompson and Faith E. Crampton, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Available
online at: http://coe.ksu.edu/ucea/2005/DanzigUCEA2005.pdf
Danzig, A. and Aljarrah, A. (1999, December). Computer uses in a school-to-career
initiative: Some useful information and surprising findings. National Association
of Secondary School Principals Bulletin, 96-104.
Danzig, A., and Harris, K. (1996). Building competence by writing and reflecting
on stories of practice. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 7(2),
84-94.
Danzig, A. (1995). Work Availability, Employers' Investment in Training, and Workplace
Opportunities: Does Education Policy Contribute to Social Inequality. (Sociological
Abstracts, 1995, Abstract No. 95S31411).
Danzig, A. (1994). Social class and professionalism: Removing barriers for integrating
services to children and families. (Sociological Abstracts, 1994, 42/7, Abstract
No. 94S30311).
Danzig, A. (1988). Control of the curriculum: The battle over what to teach in
school. Arizona School Boards Association Journal 18(2), 6-13.
Danzig, A. (1987). Double standard in testing: Who gets the short end? Excellence
in Teaching, 5(2) 12-15.
Danzig, A. (1987, April 12). Deciding Who Reads What. Lead article in Perspective
section,
Arizona Republic, D1-D4.
Danzig, A., & Emanuel, G. (1986, Fall). Arizona's legislative agenda for the public
schools.
RECORD in Educational Administration and Supervision, 7(1), 49-51.
Danzig, A. (1986, Spring). Arizona education reform: Grassroots innovation and
legislative
enactment. RECORD in Educational Administration and Supervision, 6(2), 6-9.
Danzig, A., & Melendez, D. (1985, Spring) Will money buy excellence in Arizona's
schools and universities? RECORD in Educational Administration and Supervision, 5(1),
47-49.
Danzig, A., & Whorton, D. (1985, Spring). Arizona searches for excellence in education.
RECORD in Educational Administration and Supervision, 5(1), 50-51.
Danzig, A. (1984, Spring). Governor's committee on quality education recommends
reforms for education in Arizona. RECORD in Educational Administration and Supervision,
4(2), 37-38.
Danzig, A. (Fall 1983). New certification requirements affect teachers in Arizona.
RECORD in Educational Administration and Supervision, 4(1), 32-34.
Danzig, A. (1981). Basil Bernstein: An investigation of his theories and the contradictory
ways they are interpreted. Dissertation Abstracts International 48(8), 1981.
Danzig, A. (1979). Putting theory into practice. Conference Proceedings of the
Fifth International Conference for the Improvement of University Teaching, London,
England, 1979, pp. 265-274.
Danzig, A. (1978). Higher education at American military installations. The European,
3(8),
1-5.
ERIC Microfiche
Danzig, A. (1999). Guidelines, Rationales, and Recommendations for a State Evaluation
of Career Ladder Programs in Arizona Schools. Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Department of
Education. (ERIC Document Resume ED437424)
Danzig, A., (1997). Building Expertise in Educational Leadership by Writing and Reflecting
on Stories of Practice. Resources in Education, ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational
Management. (ERIC Document Resume ED407702)
Danzig, A., with the assistance of D. Beckel, L. Harrison, B. Marsh, K. Rolle, S.
Rossow, N. Sebring, B. Spaulding, and M. Treviño. (1996). Report to the Colorado Commission
on Higher Education: Educational Leadership Stories with implications for a Standards-Based
Education System. Resources in Education, ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management.
(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED401615)
Danzig, A., and Vandegrift, J. (1995). Tensions Between Policy and Workplace Opportunities
in Rural Arizona: Does Public Policy Ignore Social Equality. Resources in Education,
ERIC Clearinghouse on Adult, Career, and Vocational Education, Center on Education
and Training for Employment. (ERIC Document Resume ED374354)
Danzig, A., and Vandegrift, J. (1994). School-to-work transition in Arizona. Resources
in Education, ERIC Clearinghouse on Adult, Career, and Vocational Education, Center
on Education and Training for Employment. (ERIC Document Resume ED 367790)
Danzig, A., Craig, B., Hale, J., Lara, R. and Petty, P. (1993). Employer Attitudes
Towards Employees, Jobs, and the Workplace. Resources in Education, ERIC Clearinghouse
on Administration. (ERIC Document Resume ED356 413)
Danzig, A. (1985). Student outcomes on the Arizona Teacher Proficiency Examination.
Resources in Education, ERIC Clearinghouse Evaluation, (ERIC Document Resume ED 264
25).
Danzig, A. (1984). Teacher Proficiency Testing: Promises, Pitfalls, and Pratfalls,"
Resources in Education, ERIC Clearinghouse on Education, (ERIC Document Resume ED242713)
Danzig, A. (1983). Honors at the University of Maryland: A status report on programs
for talented students." Resources in Education, ERIC Clearinghouse on Higher Education,
(ERIC Document Resume ED243358)
Works in Progress
Danzig, A., and Fernandez, K. (submitted to the Journal of Mentoring). Applications
of the Learner-Centered Leadership Model in an Internship Program for School Principals.
Danzig, A. (in preparation). Principal Leadership and Decision Making in an Urban
High School: A Case Study of Out-of-School Violence and In-School Responses. UCEA
Journal of Cases.
Published Book Reviews
Review of How Qualitative Research Works: An Essay Review. Education Review, 13 (14).
Retrieved October 27, 2010 from http://www.edrev.info/essays/v13n14.pdf (*Refereed
Review Essay).
Review of The Educational Leadership Challenge: Redefining leadership in the 21st
Century edited by Joseph Murphy. Published in Educational Review: A Journal of Reviews;
available online http://edrev.asu.edu/
October 7, 2004.
Review of The Struggle for Social Change in Southern Africa: Visions of Liberty
by Dickson Mungazi. The African Studies Review Vol. 22, No. 3, 1992.
Review of Perspective on Higher Education: Eight Disciplinary and Comparative Views
edited by Burton Clark. Contemporary Sociology, Vol. 15 No. 3, Spring, 1986.
Review of Social Crisis and Educational Research edited by L. Barton and S. Walker.
Contemporary Sociology, Volume 15, Number 3, Spring 1986.
Review of Ethnography and Qualitative Design in Educational Research by J. Goetz and
M.LeCompte. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, Vol. 16, No. 1, Spring 1985.
Review of The Search for Quality Integration: Policy and Research on Minority Students
in School and College by M. Weinberg. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political
and Social Science, Vol. 468, March 1985.
Review of How Research Has Changed American Schools by Robert M. W. Travers. Educational
Studies, Vol. 15, No. 1, 1984.
Review of Perspectives on the Sociology of Education by Philip Robinson. Contemporary
Sociology, Vol 12, No. 1, May ,1983.
Review of The Sociology of Education by Peter Musgrave. Contemporary Sociology, Vol
12, No. 1, May ,1983.
Reports, Evaluation Studies, and Education Policy Briefs
Danzig, A., Black, W. Martin, G., Fernandez, K., and Donofrio, R. (2012). Pathways
For Performance: Research on Recruitment & Selection, Preparation, Licensure, and
Professional Development for School Principals in Minnesota. Available at: https://spa.asu.edu/files/pdf/faculty/prncplpthwysappx.pdf/view;
and http://mnbosa.org/pages/download.html
Danzig, A. & Kiltz, G. (2005, September). Learner-Centered Leadership For Language
And Culturally Diverse Schools In High Need Urban Settings: Year Three Performance
Report. Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 215 pages.
Danzig, A., & Delecki, W. and Quinn, D. (2005). The Condition of School Administration
in 2005. In The Condition of Pre-K-12 Education in Arizona edited by A. Molnar.
Arizona Education Policy Initiative, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.
Danzig, A., & Delecki, W. (2004). The Condition of School Administration in 2004.
In The Condition of Pre-K-12 Education in Arizona edited by A. Molnar. Arizona Education
Policy Initiative, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.
Kiltz, G. & Danzig, A. (2004, June). Learner-Centered Leadership For Language And
Culturally Diverse Schools In High Need Urban Settings: Year Two Performance Report.
Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 308 pages.
Danzig, A. & Kiltz, G. (2003, July). Learner-Centered Leadership For Language And
Culturally Diverse Schools In High Need Urban Settings: Year One Performance Report.
Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 164 pages.
Danzig, A. (1999). Guidelines, Rationales, and Recommendations for a State Evaluation
of Career Ladder Programs. Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Department of Education.
Vandegrift, J., Danzig, A., and Melnick, R. (1998). Setting the PaceWinning the
Race: Choosing the Right Course to Succeed in School-to-Career/Workforce Development.
Prepared for the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Center for Workforce Preparation.
Danzig, A. and Pardini, M. (1997, November). Information Brief on What Matters Most:
Report of the National Commission on Teaching. Research and Development Center, A
Partnership of Colorado State University, Front Range Community College, and Poudre
Public Schools.
Casey, K., Danzig, A., and Miser, A. (October, 1997). The Little Town That Could:
A Case Study from the Colorado School-to-Career Initiative. Prepared for the School-to-Career
Office, Office of the Lt. Governor, State of Colorado.
Casey, K., Cobb, B., Danzig, A., Davies, T., Mantle-Bromley, C., and Miser, A. (July,
1997). Evaluation Kit with Sample Surveys for local School-to-Career Partnerships.
School-to-Career Office, Office of the Lt. Governor, State of Colorado.
Danzig, A. with the assistance of K. Casey, M. Kretovich, G. Raterink, M. Tsuy-Huing,
W. Temple, and S. Tungate. (1997, May). School-to-Career Partnership in Commerce
City, Colorado: Evaluation Report. School of Education, Colorado State University.
Danzig, A. (1997, May). Stories of Education Leaders with Implications for Standards-Based
Education in Colorado Schools. Research and Development Center, A Partnership of
Colorado State University, Front Range Community College, and Poudre Public Schools.
Danzig, A. with the assistance of D. Beckel, L. Harrison, B. Marsh, K. Rolle, S. Rossow,
N. Sebring, B. Spaulding, and M. Treviño, (1996, August). Final Report to the Colorado
Commission on Higher Education: Educational Leadership Stories with implications
for a Standards-Based Education System. School of Education, Colorado State University.
Danzig, A., Caballero, M., Glowackie, J., Marquart, B., Phillips, S., Spalding, J.,
Tobin, R., Trevino, M., Vergara, S., Wernsman, G., (1995, December). Evaluation
Report for
Darrell Smith High School, Sterling, CO. School of Education, Colorado State University.
Danzig, A. (1988). Control of the Curriculum: The Battle Over What to Teach in
School. INFOSPECTIVE 2(2); Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Department of Education.
Danzig, A. (1988). Alternative Teacher Certification: Changing Training Systems
to Improve Teacher Quality. INFOSPECTIVE 2(1): Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Department
of Education.
Danzig, A. (1987). The Limits and Possibilities of Testing Teachers. INFOSPECTIVE
1(3): Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Department of Education.Danzig, A. (1987). Arizona
Teacher Proficiency Examination Professional Knowledge Year-End Report. Phoenix,
AZ: Arizona Department of Education.
Danzig, A. (1987). Judgmental Review of the Basic Skills Component of the Arizona
Teacher Proficiency Examinations. Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Department of Education.
Danzig, A. (1987). Censorship in the Schools. INFOSPECTIVE 1(2): ADE.
Danzig, A. (1987). An Overview on the Carnegie Forum's Task Force Report: "A Nation
Prepared: Teachers for the 21st Century." INFOSPECTIVE 1(1): Phoenix, AZ: Arizona
Department of Education.
Danzig, A. (1987). Planning Report on the Preparation of a Professional Knowledge
Component of the Arizona Teacher Proficiency Examination. Prepared for the Arizona
Department of Education.
Danzig, A. (1984). Northern Arizona University and the Arizona Teacher Proficiency
Examination. A Report to the Governor's Task Force on Teacher Education.
Danzig, A. (1983). The Arizona Teacher Proficiency Exam: A study of Impacts. A
Report presented to Organized Research at Northern Arizona University.
Danzig, A. and Austin, G. (1982). Honors at the University of Maryland: Report
prepared
for the Office of the President, University of Maryland and support through the Center
for Educational Research and Development, University of Maryland Baltimore County.
Danzig, A. and Austin, G. (1982). Executive Summary of Honors at the University
of Maryland: Report prepared for the Office of the President, University of Maryland
and supported through the Center for Educational Research and Development, University
of Maryland Baltimore County.